Linux

We’ll use Ubuntu as a concrete example here, but other Linux distributions work similarly. Ubuntu offers a recovery mode in its default Grub boot menu—select Advanced options for Ubuntu and select Recovery mode. You’ll see the boot menu while booting your computer—if you don’t, you can hold the Shift key as you boot and the menu will appear. You can easily boot directly to a root shell prompt from here.

This option isn’t necessary, as you can just press the e button to edit Ubuntu’s boot options and boot directly to a root shell prompt from within the main Grub menu. You’ll then be able to use the root shell to reset and change passwords on the system. If the Grub boot menu is locked and password-protected, you can still boot to Linux live media and change your password from there.
Once again, encryption would prevent your system from being accessed and modified without your encryption passphrase. We used Ubuntu as an example, but almost every Linux distribution uses Grub, and few people set a Grub password.

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